Verb & Adjective Guide
A detailed overview of Japanese verb groups, adjective types, and how their main forms are built and used, with example sentences. Ready to test yourself? Try the quiz.
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Verb groups
Ichidan (ใ-verbs)
Drop ใ and attach the ending. The stem never changes.
Dictionary form usually ends in ใ-row or ใ-row + ใ (่ฆใ, ้ฃในใ, ่ตทใใ).
Godan (ใ-verbs)
The final kana shifts depending on the ending โ the stem changes with each form.
Te/ta forms follow sound-change groups: ใโใใฆ, ใโใใง, ใ/ใค/ใโใฃใฆ, ใ/ใถ/ใฌโใใง, ใโใใฆ.
Irregular
Only two verbs: ใใ (to do) and ๆฅใ (to come). They don't follow either pattern.
Many nouns + ใใ form compound verbs, e.g. ๅๅผทใใ, ่งฃๆฑบใใ.
ใฆ/ใ sound changes (godan verbs)
| Dictionary ending | Becomes | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใปใคใปใ | ใฃใฆ | ่ฒทใ โ ่ฒทใฃใฆ |
| ใใปใถใปใฌ | ใใง | ่ชญใ โ ่ชญใใง |
| ใ | ใใฆ | ๆธใ โ ๆธใใฆ๏ผexception: ่กใ โ ่กใฃใฆ๏ผ |
| ใ | ใใง | ๆณณใ โ ๆณณใใง |
| ใ | ใใฆ | ่ฉฑใ โ ่ฉฑใใฆ |
Verb forms in detail
ใพใ form (polite present/future)
The polite, everyday way to state an action happens or will happen. Used with people you don't know well, in formal writing, and in most textbooks. The negative is ใใพใใ, and the past polite is ใใพใใ / ใใพใใใงใใ.
- ๆฏๆใณใผใใผใ้ฃฒใฟใพใใใพใใใใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใI drink coffee every morning.
- ๆๆฅใๅ้ใซไผใใพใใใใใใใจใใ ใกใซใใใพใใI will meet a friend tomorrow.
- ๆจๆฅใฏๅๅผทใใพใใใงใใใใใฎใใฏในใใใใใใพใใใงใใใI didn't study yesterday.
ใฆ form (connector / request / ongoing action)
One of the most useful forms โ it doesn't carry tense on its own. It links actions in sequence ("do A, then B"), makes polite requests with ใใฆใใ ใใ, describes ongoing or habitual action with ใใฆใใ, and asks/gives permission with ใใฆใใใใงใใ.
- ๆ่ตทใใฆใ้กใๆดใใพใใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใพใใI wake up in the morning, and wash my face.
- ใใใซๅบงใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใใซใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใPlease sit here.
- ไปใๆ ็ปใ่ฆใฆใใพใใใใพใใใใใใฟใฆใใพใใI am watching a movie right now.
- ๅ็ใๆฎใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใใใใจใฃใฆใใใใงใใใMay I take a photo?
ใชใ form (plain negative)
The casual negative, used in plain speech and as the base for several compound patterns: ใใชใใงใใ ใใ (please don't do), ใใชใใใฐใชใใชใ / ใใชใใจใใใชใ (must do), and ใใชใใปใใใใ (better not to do).
- ไปๆฅใฏๅญฆๆ กใซ่กใใชใใใใใใฏใใฃใใใซใใใชใใI'm not going to school today.
- ใใใงๅ็ใๆฎใใชใใงใใ ใใใใใใงใใใใใใจใใชใใงใใ ใใใPlease don't take photos here.
- ่ฌใ้ฃฒใพใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใใใใใใฎใพใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใI have to take medicine.
ใ form (plain past)
The casual past tense, and the base for ใใใใจใใใ (have done something before), ใใใใใใใใ (do things like... among others), and ใใใปใใใใ (had better do).
- ๆจๆฅใๆ ็ปใ่ฆใใใใฎใใใใใใใฟใใI watched a movie yesterday.
- ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใฃใใใจใใใใพใใใซใปใใซใใฃใใใจใใใใพใใI have been to Japan before.
- ้ฑๆซใฏๆฌใ่ชญใใ ใใ้ณๆฅฝใ่ใใใใใพใใใใใ ใใพใคใฏใปใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใOn the weekend I did things like read books and listen to music.
Adjective types
ใ-adjectives
Drop the final ใ and attach the ending โ ใ itself is not part of the stem, so it disappears before negative/past/ใฆ endings.
Exception: ใใ (good) irregularly conjugates from its older form ใใ โ ใใใชใ, ใใใฃใ, ใใใฆ.
ใช-adjectives
Behave like nouns + ใ . The negative and past use ใ 's conjugations (ใใใชใ, ใ ใฃใ), not ใ's.
Attach ใช only when directly modifying a noun, e.g. ้ใใช้จๅฑ (a quiet room). Before ใ /ใงใ/ใใใชใ, drop ใช: ้ใใงใ, not ้ใใชใงใ.
Common adjective patterns
ใใใฆ / ใใง (connecting adjectives)
Joins two adjectives or an adjective and a following clause, similar to the verb ใฆ form.
- ใใฎ้จๅฑใฏๅบใใฆๆใใใงใใใใฎใธใใฏใฒใใใฆใใใใใงใใThis room is spacious and bright.
- ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฆชๅใงๅชใใใงใใใใฎใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใงใใShe is kind and gentle.
ใใ/ใใซ + ใชใ (becoming)
ใ-adjectives use ใใใชใ, ใช-adjectives use ใใซใชใ, to express a change of state.
- ๆฅๆฌ่ชใไธๆใซใชใใพใใใใซใปใใใใใใใใซใชใใพใใใI became good at Japanese.
- ็งใซใชใฃใฆใๆถผใใใชใใพใใใใใใซใชใฃใฆใใใใใใชใใพใใใAutumn came, and it became cool.
ใใใใ (too much)
Attaches to the adjective stem (drop ใ, or use the ใช-adjective base) to mean "too ~".
- ใใฎใฉใผใกใณใฏ่พใใใพใใใใฎใฉใผใกใณใฏใใใใใพใใThis ramen is too spicy.
- ใใฎ้จๅฑใฏ้ใใใใใใใฎใธใใฏใใใใใใใThat room is too quiet.