ๅคขYume Japanese
โ† Back to kana & kanji

Verb & Adjective Guide

A detailed overview of Japanese verb groups, adjective types, and how their main forms are built and used, with example sentences. Ready to test yourself? Try the quiz.

Your browser doesn't support text-to-speech, so the ๐Ÿ”Š buttons below won't play sound.

Verb groups

Ichidan (ใ‚‹-verbs)

Drop ใ‚‹ and attach the ending. The stem never changes.

dictionary: ้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใพใ™: ้ฃŸใน + ใพใ™
ใฆ: ้ฃŸใน + ใฆ
ใชใ„: ้ฃŸใน + ใชใ„

Dictionary form usually ends in ใ„-row or ใˆ-row + ใ‚‹ (่ฆ‹ใ‚‹, ้ฃŸในใ‚‹, ่ตทใใ‚‹).

Godan (ใ†-verbs)

The final kana shifts depending on the ending โ€” the stem changes with each form.

dictionary: ๆ›ธใ
ใพใ™: ๆ›ธใ + ใพใ™
ใฆ: ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
ใชใ„: ๆ›ธใ‹ + ใชใ„

Te/ta forms follow sound-change groups: ใโ†’ใ„ใฆ, ใโ†’ใ„ใง, ใ†/ใค/ใ‚‹โ†’ใฃใฆ, ใ‚€/ใถ/ใฌโ†’ใ‚“ใง, ใ™โ†’ใ—ใฆ.

Irregular

Only two verbs: ใ™ใ‚‹ (to do) and ๆฅใ‚‹ (to come). They don't follow either pattern.

dictionary: ใ™ใ‚‹ / ๆฅใ‚‹
ใพใ™: ใ—ใพใ™ / ๆฅใพใ™
ใฆ: ใ—ใฆ / ๆฅใฆ
ใชใ„: ใ—ใชใ„ / ๆฅใชใ„

Many nouns + ใ™ใ‚‹ form compound verbs, e.g. ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹, ่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹.

ใฆ/ใŸ sound changes (godan verbs)

Dictionary endingBecomesExample
ใ†ใƒปใคใƒปใ‚‹ใฃใฆ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใ‚€ใƒปใถใƒปใฌใ‚“ใง่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚“ใง
ใใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ๏ผˆexception: ่กŒใ โ†’ ่กŒใฃใฆ๏ผ‰
ใใ„ใงๆณณใ โ†’ ๆณณใ„ใง
ใ™ใ—ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ

Verb forms in detail

ใพใ™ form (polite present/future)

The polite, everyday way to state an action happens or will happen. Used with people you don't know well, in formal writing, and in most textbooks. The negative is ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“, and the past polite is ใ€œใพใ—ใŸ / ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.

  • ๆฏŽๆœใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใพใ„ใ‚ใ•ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใฎใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
    I drink coffee every morning.
  • ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ๅ‹้”ใซไผšใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใซใ‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I will meet a friend tomorrow.
  • ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใใฎใ†ใฏในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I didn't study yesterday.

ใฆ form (connector / request / ongoing action)

One of the most useful forms โ€” it doesn't carry tense on its own. It links actions in sequence ("do A, then B"), makes polite requests with ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, describes ongoing or habitual action with ใ€œใฆใ„ใ‚‹, and asks/gives permission with ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹.

  • ๆœ่ตทใใฆใ€้ก”ใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ•ใŠใใฆใ€ใ‹ใŠใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I wake up in the morning, and wash my face.
  • ใ“ใ“ใซๅบงใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ“ใซใ™ใ‚ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please sit here.
  • ไปŠใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ„ใพใ€ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ใฟใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I am watching a movie right now.
  • ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‚ƒใ—ใ‚“ใ‚’ใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    May I take a photo?

ใชใ„ form (plain negative)

The casual negative, used in plain speech and as the base for several compound patterns: ใ€œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ (please don't do), ใ€œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ / ใ€œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ (must do), and ใ€œใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ (better not to do).

  • ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ€‚
    ใใ‚‡ใ†ใฏใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใซใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€‚
    I'm not going to school today.
  • ใ“ใ“ใงๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ“ใงใ—ใ‚ƒใ—ใ‚“ใ‚’ใจใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please don't take photos here.
  • ่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใพใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใใ™ใ‚Šใ‚’ใฎใพใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    I have to take medicine.

ใŸ form (plain past)

The casual past tense, and the base for ใ€œใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ (have done something before), ใ€œใŸใ‚Šใ€œใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ (do things like... among others), and ใ€œใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ (had better do).

  • ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ€‚
    ใใฎใ†ใ€ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ใฟใŸใ€‚
    I watched a movie yesterday.
  • ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใซใปใ‚“ใซใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    I have been to Japan before.
  • ้€ฑๆœซใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใพใคใฏใปใ‚“ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ใŠใ‚“ใŒใใ‚’ใใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    On the weekend I did things like read books and listen to music.

Adjective types

ใ„-adjectives

Drop the final ใ„ and attach the ending โ€” ใ„ itself is not part of the stem, so it disappears before negative/past/ใฆ endings.

dictionary: ้ซ˜ใ„
negative: ้ซ˜ใใชใ„
past: ้ซ˜ใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใฆ: ้ซ˜ใใฆ

Exception: ใ„ใ„ (good) irregularly conjugates from its older form ใ‚ˆใ„ โ€” ใ‚ˆใใชใ„, ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ, ใ‚ˆใใฆ.

ใช-adjectives

Behave like nouns + ใ . The negative and past use ใ 's conjugations (ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„, ใ ใฃใŸ), not ใ„'s.

dictionary: ้™ใ‹
negative: ้™ใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„
past: ้™ใ‹ใ ใฃใŸ
ใฆ: ้™ใ‹ใง

Attach ใช only when directly modifying a noun, e.g. ้™ใ‹ใช้ƒจๅฑ‹ (a quiet room). Before ใ /ใงใ™/ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„, drop ใช: ้™ใ‹ใงใ™, not ้™ใ‹ใชใงใ™.

Common adjective patterns

ใ€œใใฆ / ใ€œใง (connecting adjectives)

Joins two adjectives or an adjective and a following clause, similar to the verb ใฆ form.

  • ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏๅบƒใใฆๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฎใธใ‚„ใฏใฒใ‚ใใฆใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    This room is spacious and bright.
  • ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฆชๅˆ‡ใงๅ„ชใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡ใฏใ—ใ‚“ใ›ใคใงใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    She is kind and gentle.

ใ€œใ/ใ€œใซ + ใชใ‚‹ (becoming)

ใ„-adjectives use ใ€œใใชใ‚‹, ใช-adjectives use ใ€œใซใชใ‚‹, to express a change of state.

  • ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใŒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I became good at Japanese.
  • ็ง‹ใซใชใฃใฆใ€ๆถผใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚ใใซใชใฃใฆใ€ใ™ใšใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Autumn came, and it became cool.

ใ€œใ™ใŽใ‚‹ (too much)

Attaches to the adjective stem (drop ใ„, or use the ใช-adjective base) to mean "too ~".

  • ใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใฏ่พ›ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใฏใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚
    This ramen is too spicy.
  • ใใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏ้™ใ‹ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚
    ใใฎใธใ‚„ใฏใ—ใšใ‹ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚
    That room is too quiet.